Tag: family history

  • The Long Trail of the 4th Cavalry: How a Century-Old Legacy Met Me in Germany

    The Long Trail of the 4th Cavalry: How a Century-Old Legacy Met Me in Germany

    Every soldier knows that the military is built on a foundation of unspoken connections. We wear the patches of campaigns fought before we were born, and we walk the parade grounds where legends once stood. But sometimes, history doesn’t just echo—it pulls over to the side of the road, looks you right in the eye, and hands you a pair of crossed sabers.

    Last week, I shared how a family road trip through France collided with my grandfather Joseph’s footsteps in the mud of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. That discovery showed how our family’s past and present were riding in the exact same car down a French highway in 2002. But as I kept digging deeper into the archives, the threads of our family tree stretched back even further, revealing a second, jaw-dropping intersection with the past.

    This is the story of Joseph’s brother—my great-granduncle, George Grover Howell—and a century-old cavalry legacy that my own archival research finally brought to light.

    The Heat of the Gas Boom

    Before I cracked open the records, the paper trail made George look like a standard turn-of-the-century Midwest tradesman. Around 1908, Hartford City, Indiana, was booming, driven by the discovery of natural gas. A 21-year-old George was earning his living as a glass worker, a grueling and dangerous trade spent around roaring pot furnaces.

    But George was looking for a different kind of intensity. On June 30, 1908, just shy of his 22nd birthday, he walked away from the factory floor and signed up for the United States Regular Army.

    He was assigned to the prestigious 4th Cavalry Regiment and sent north to Fort Snelling, Minnesota.

    And this is where one of those strange little details in genealogy helps tell the story.

    If you look up George in the 1910 U.S. Census, the government lists his status with the cold, technical term “inmate.” It’s a quirk that confuses modern researchers, but George wasn’t behind bars. He was a young cavalryman living in the barracks at Fort Snelling.

    George Grover Howell in the 1910 U.S. Census at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. The census classified soldiers living in the barracks as “inmates.”

    For me, that census entry transformed George from a name on the family tree into a soldier. He was living the life of a Regular Army cavalryman—years before the United States entered the First World War.

    Patrolling a Wild Frontier

    In the summer of 1911, George completed his first three-year hitch. Loving the soldier’s life, he chose to “re-up” immediately.

    His timing was historic.

    As the Mexican Revolution erupted into violence, the 4th Cavalry was ordered to the southwestern border. George went from Minnesota to the blistering, cactus-lined desert of the Rio Grande.

    This was the era of the “Old Army”—a frontier military still dependent on horses, pack animals, isolated posts, and cavalry patrols. George served along the Mexican border during a period when revolution and instability just across the international line had become a serious concern for the United States.

    By 1914, George was stationed at Fort Bliss in El Paso County. General John J. “Black Jack” Pershing arrived there in April 1914, placing two men whose military careers would take very different paths at the same post during the final months of George’s enlistment.

    When George was discharged from Fort Bliss in September 1914, he walked away a corporal and a veteran of six years in the Regular Army.

    George Grover Howell’s military record documenting the end of his six years with the Regular Army at Fort Bliss, Texas, in 1914.

    That document closes the first chapter of George’s military life.

    But only the first.

    The Replacement Mystery

    The mechanical skills George had developed over the years transitioned well into the rapidly changing industrial world. By 1917, he was working as a machinist for the Bowser Manufacturing Company in Fort Wayne, building early automotive gasoline pumps.

    When America entered World War I, local newspapers reported that George had joined his brother Joseph in the volunteer hometown Lafayette Battalion.

    But when I followed George into the military records, I found something different.

    George entered the Army again on March 5, 1918, and was assigned Army Serial Number 1159531.

    That number became one of the keys to following him.

    A surviving record puts George at Kelly Field, Texas, on March 6, 1918—only one day after entering service.

    George G. Howell’s 1918 military record, showing Army Serial Number 1159531 and his arrival at Kelly Field, Texas, in March 1918.

    That one record changed the direction of the story.

    George wasn’t going back to the cavalry.

    He was entering an entirely different Army.

    By July 31, another roster places George G. Howell, 1159531, with the 322nd Aero Squadron, Flying Department, at Kelly Field in South San Antonio, Texas.

    Then I found him again.

    The roster of the 322nd Aero Squadron at midnight on October 31, 1918, contains the same name and the same serial number.

    But this record gives us something else.

    George appears under the heading:

    SERGEANTS.

    There he was.

    Sergeant George G. Howell, 1159531.

    The October 31, 1918 roster of the 322nd Aero Squadron lists George G. Howell, Army Serial Number 1159531, among the unit’s sergeants.

    In only a few years, George had gone from horses to airplanes.

    His first military career belonged to the old horse cavalry. He had served with the 4th Cavalry along the Mexican border and finished that chapter at Fort Bliss.

    Now he was serving with an Aero Squadron at Kelly Field as the United States Army entered the age of military aviation.

    George had entered the Army in 1908 during the age of the cavalry horse.

    A decade later, he was a sergeant in an Army learning to fight in the sky.

    And his paper trail doesn’t end with the Armistice.

    On November 30, 1918—nineteen days after the fighting ended—George appears on another surviving roster. The name is the same. The serial number is the same: 1159531.

    This time he appears with Candidate Company G, 2nd Battalion, C.I.O.T.S.

    For now, that is where the surviving records leave him. They establish that George’s World War I service continued beyond the Armistice, even though we have not yet reconstructed every remaining step of that service.

    While his younger brother Joseph fought with the 150th Field Artillery in France, George served stateside as the United States Army transformed around him.

    Two brothers had answered the same call.

    The Army simply sent them down very different roads.

    The Timeline Folds Again

    And that is where the timeline folds completely in on itself, bridging nearly a century of time.

    In early 2002, fresh out of basic training, I was shipped across the Atlantic to Schweinfurt, Germany, stationed at Conn Barracks.

    My assignment?

    Charlie Troop, 1/4 Cavalry, 1st Infantry Division.

    When I pinned on that unit patch and looked at those crossed sabers, I had absolutely no idea that I was stepping directly into my great-granduncle George’s military lineage.

    Nearly a century after George enlisted in the 4th Cavalry, I was serving in that same historic regiment, carrying the same cavalry lineage into a completely different Army and a completely different century.

    But our mounts looked a little different.

    Unlike George, who knew the cavalry from the back of a flesh-and-blood horse, an M1A1 Abrams tank was my steed. I was riding a beast made of steel, its turbine engine roaring, carrying the cavalry tradition into a high-tech century.

    George had watched the Army change from horses to airplanes.

    Nearly a century later, I was watching the cavalry tradition continue from inside seventy tons of American armor.

    From horses to airplanes in George’s generation. From horses to an M1A1 Abrams in mine.

    And the strangest part is that I didn’t know any of this at the time.

    George had been dead for decades. His cavalry service existed in old records, census entries, military rosters, and pieces of family history waiting to be put back together.

    I wore those crossed sabers without knowing that another Howell had served in the 4th Cavalry before me.

    It took genealogy to bring us together.

    Me with the 1st Squadron, 4th U.S. Cavalry at Conn Barracks, Schweinfurt, Germany, in 2002. Nearly a century earlier, my great-granduncle George G. Howell had served in the 4th Cavalry.

    The Tradition Continues

    But the legacy doesn’t stop with George and me.

    George and Joseph chose to serve their country when the world was on fire, establishing a tradition of military service that continued through our family.

    Joseph’s son—my father—would eventually answer that call himself.

    Years later, I put on the uniform.

    And today, one of those little boys who held my hand near the concrete pillboxes in Belgium has grown up to make that same choice, putting on the uniform to lead soldiers on the front lines today.

    Just how many generations of our family have answered this call?

    It is a tradition that reaches back through centuries of our family history—a recurring thread of men who, in very different times and circumstances, chose to serve their country.

    George’s surviving records rescued his military story from obscurity. And discovering that nearly a century later I had served in the same historic cavalry regiment revealed something I never knew while wearing those crossed sabers: military service has surfaced again and again throughout our family tree—from the cavalry trails of Fort Bliss, through the battlefields of France, and into the generations serving today.

    But George and Joseph weren’t the beginning of this story.

    Their uncle, Tilghman Andrew Howell, had answered the call decades earlier, marching with Company I, 130th Indiana Infantry, during the Civil War.

    But Uncle Tilghman’s story… well, that’s a masterclass for a different time.


    Historical Note: This story is part of a continuing series exploring the Howell family’s military legacy across generations. It is based on family records, military records, historical sources, and documented family research. Some narrative details are included to place those records within their historical setting. Where surviving records do not establish an exact location, event, or circumstance, the narrative should be understood as historical context rather than a statement of documented fact.

  • The Roadside Ghosts of the A4: The Day My Family’s Past and Future Collided

    The Roadside Ghosts of the A4: The Day My Family’s Past and Future Collided

    Every soldier knows that the military is built on a foundation of unspoken connections. We wear the patches of campaigns fought before we were born, and we walk the parade grounds where legends once stood. But sometimes, history doesn’t just echo—it pulls over to the side of the road and stares you right in the face.

    The only reason I am writing this today is because of a story my wife, Stephanie, recently wrote. She spent countless hours digging through old genealogy records and parsing through World War I military morning reports, meticulously tracing my grandfather’s travels through France. Because of her research, the invisible threads of our family tree suddenly became a map.

    In 2002, I was stationed at Conn Barracks in Schweinfurt, Germany. I was serving in C Troop, 1/4 Cavalry, 1st Infantry Division. Like any young dad with a bit of leave, I loaded up the family car for a European road trip. Stephanie, our 1-year-old daughter, my 6-year-old son, Robert, and my 4-year-old son, Jonathan, all piled in.

    Stephanie with our children during our family trip to Berlin in 2002.

    Our destination was Normandy. As a veteran, I was intent on experiencing the D-Day beaches, wanting to stand where the Greatest Generation cracked Hitler’s Atlantic Wall in 1944. We drove out of Germany, passed through Luxembourg City, and headed up into Belgium. Along the way, I spotted a cluster of old, concrete wartime pillboxes sitting silently near the tree line.

    Captivated by the history, I pulled the car over. Stephanie stayed back with our baby girl while I took both of my young boys, Robert and Jon, by the hand. We walked right out to those cold, moss-covered fortifications, exploring the old firing slits and touching the concrete together. I didn’t know the exact history of those specific bunkers at the time; I just wanted my boys to see a piece of the world their country had fought to free.

    Joseph Howell with his three children during a family visit to Berlin in 2002.

    After a few minutes, we saddled back up and continued our journey to the coast.

    The trip was incredible, but it was the drive back to Schweinfurt that secretly held the real magic.

    Leaving Paris, we took the A4 highway, the Autoroute de l’Est, heading eastbound back toward Germany. It was a peaceful, scenic drive. My family was safe, free, and buckled into the back seat. I was just focused on the road, completely unaware of the geography passing outside my window.

    I didn’t know it then. I wouldn’t find out until Stephanie cracked open the archives this year.

    As our tires rolled down the A4, we were traveling through the Argonne region. We passed Sainte-Menehould and continued toward Verdun, through countryside intimately connected with the battlefields of the First World War. Somewhere north of our route lay the ground over which American soldiers had fought against the heavily fortified German defensive system known as the Kriemhilde Stellung.

    And that is where the timeline folds in on itself.

    Map of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive showing the American advance through northeastern France in 1918. Library of Congress.

    In October 1918, my grandfather—and my exact namesake—Joseph Robert Howell was serving in that campaign. He was an artilleryman with the 150th Field Artillery, part of the 42nd “Rainbow” Division, as American forces fought to break through the German defenses during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

    During that fighting, the 42nd Division moved into the line and relieved a battered division that had suffered heavily while fighting across those ridges.

    That unit was the 1st Infantry Division.

    Guns and horses of the 150th Field Artillery, 42nd “Rainbow” Division, waiting to move toward the front in France during World War I. Library of Congress.

    The Big Red One.

    My unit.

    During the final weeks of the war, my grandfather was severely wounded. He survived those wounds, came home, and passed his name down to me.

    Decades later, the Army sent me across the Atlantic to serve in the exact division his division had relieved, proudly walking in the lineage of the 4th U.S. Cavalry—the very regiment his brother George had served in back in 1911.

    But that is a story for another time, a masterclass in connecting the dots in genealogy.

    Driving down that highway in 2002, I missed the chance to consciously connect with him. I didn’t pull over. I didn’t know to look out the window and whisper a thank you. Realizing now just how close I had unknowingly come to the battlefield where he fought, I’ll admit it brings chills to my arms and tears to my eyes.

    But I didn’t miss the connection.

    Not really.

    Because Joseph Robert Howell was in the mud of France in 1918, enduring the artillery, gas, and misery of one of the final campaigns of the First World War, so that eighty-four years later, his grandson could drive his own children through those same valleys in absolute peace.

    And the ultimate victory? The proof that the warrior gene never left our bloodline?

    Years after that roadside stop, that same legacy of military service would quietly wake up in the next generation. One of those small boys who stood with me at those old concrete bunkers would grow up to put on the uniform himself, stepping forward to lead soldiers on the front lines today. The tradition endures, carrying the family’s quiet dedication to duty forward into a third century.

    We didn’t know it in 2002, but as we drove down the A4, the past, the present, and the future of our family were all riding in the exact same car.


    Historical Note: This story is part of a continuing series exploring the Howell family’s military legacy across generations. It is based on family records, military records, historical sources, and documented family research. Some narrative details are included to place those records within their historical setting. Where surviving records do not establish an exact location, event, or circumstance, the narrative should be understood as historical context rather than a statement of documented fact.

  • From Ranks to Records: How an Old Military Ledger Brought My Family History to Life

    From Ranks to Records: How an Old Military Ledger Brought My Family History to Life

    My husband is obsessed with genealogy. For years, he has researched his grandfather, Joseph Robert Howell, following him through records and piecing together the details of his life. He has also repeatedly tried to draw me into the project.

    I usually resisted.

    Names, dates, and isolated facts simply do not stick with me, and genealogy research often left me more frustrated than fascinated. But I do have one useful skill: I love old documents, and I am particularly good at reading vintage cursive handwriting—a beautiful art form that is slowly disappearing.

    Recently, my husband reached a difficult point while examining the World War I Morning Reports for Battery C of the 150th Field Artillery Regiment. Many of the pages were faded and handwritten, so he asked for my help deciphering them.

    I love a good challenge, and my competitive streak quickly took over. I wanted to be the first one to find something.

    The Mystery of the Missing Ranks

    Sitting down with the digital files, I tuned out everything around me and concentrated on finding one name: Joseph Howell.

    It did not take long to find my first clue.

    On October 2, 1917, a cramped handwritten entry recorded:

    1st cl Pvts Lovejoy, Messner, Howell, Freyman to Corporals vice vacancy.

    My husband, an Army veteran, immediately recognized the military shorthand. Joseph had been promoted from Private First Class to Corporal. The phrase “vice vacancy” was less familiar. Research showed that vice was used in military and administrative language to indicate that someone was serving in place of another person or filling a vacancy.

    We had found him. That was the goal, right?

    Not quite.

    My husband believed there had to be more. He encouraged me to continue through the reports, particularly looking for references to injuries, illness, or hospitalization.

    A few nights later, unable to sleep, I opened the records again. Only five days after Joseph’s promotion, an entry dated October 7, 1917, revealed an unexpected change:

    Corp Joseph Howell reduced to Pvt S.O. 25.

    Joseph had been reduced from Corporal to Private, leaving us with an obvious question: Why had he been promoted and then reduced in rank only five days later?

    The entry cited “S.O. 25,” referring to Special Order No. 25. The Morning Report recorded the action but did not explain the circumstances behind it. Finding that order—and discovering what happened—became another research question for another day.

    For the moment, we kept going.

    Joining the “Rainbow”

    As I worked through the daily reports, I began to see something beyond Joseph’s individual entries. The records were documenting the movements and transformation of an entire military organization.

    Near the end of October 1917, the reports recorded the unit’s movement from Long Island, New York, across the Atlantic and eventually to Camp de Coëtquidan, France.

    Research into the unit’s history gave those movements greater meaning. The 150th Field Artillery had originated as an Indiana National Guard organization before entering federal service during World War I. It became part of the 42nd Division, better known as the “Rainbow Division.”

    The division brought together National Guard units from states across the country. Its nickname has long been associated with Douglas MacArthur, then a young Army officer, and the idea that the division’s units stretched across the United States like a rainbow.

    Suddenly, the places and dates in the Morning Reports were no longer simply entries on a page. They were tracing Joseph’s movement from Indiana to New York and then overseas as part of the American war effort in France.

    On November 21, 1917, Joseph appeared again:

    1st cl Pvt Thomas J Cavanaugh and Private Joseph Howell from Pvts to Corporals R.S.O. 26 11/20/17.

    Joseph was a Corporal again.

    This time the entry cited “R.S.O. 26,” a Regimental Special Order dated November 20. Once again, the Morning Report documented the personnel action while pointing us toward another potentially valuable record.

    Mules, Machinery, and 155mm Howitzers

    By winter, I had begun to understand the structure of the Morning Reports themselves. What had initially looked like pages of nearly indecipherable handwriting and numbers had developed a pattern.

    The reports tracked the unit’s strength and status while also recording changes involving individual soldiers.

    Joseph appeared again during the winter:

    December 27, 1917: Corp Joseph Howell fr. D to SK in Hosp.

    He had gone from duty to sick in hospital.

    Then, on January 6, 1918:

    Corp Howell fr SK in Hosp to D.

    He had returned from the hospital to duty.

    As the unit continued its service in France, another part of the reports caught my attention: the accounting of horses and mules.

    The numbers were not incidental. Artillery units depended heavily upon animals for transportation. The 150th Field Artillery eventually operated French-designed 155mm Schneider howitzers, heavy artillery pieces that required substantial logistical support.

    The Morning Reports helped reveal that logistical side of the war. Horses and mules had to be maintained, replaced, fed, and cared for. Soldiers were needed to handle them and keep the battery functioning.

    What initially appeared to be mundane accounting began to tell another story. A field artillery regiment was not simply a collection of soldiers and guns. It was an enormous moving system of men, animals, equipment, ammunition, and supplies.

    By the summer of 1918, however, the tone of the records changed.

    More entries began recording soldiers who had been wounded or killed. The administrative language remained brief and unemotional, but the reality behind it was unmistakable.

    At one point I encountered another soldier named Howell who had been killed in action. He was a transfer and apparently unrelated to our family, but seeing the name stopped me for a moment.

    By then, these were no longer simply names in an old ledger.

    Wounded During the Meuse-Argonne Offensive

    During the autumn of 1918, the 42nd Division participated in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, part of the massive final Allied operations of the war.

    Then came the entry we had been hoping—and perhaps dreading—to find.

    On October 18, 1918, Joseph’s name appeared again:

    Corp Joseph R. Howell 143910 slightly wounded in right arm. Hospital not known.

    Another entry provided an additional detail:

    Injuries caused by enemies’ bombs.

    For the first time, we had a contemporary military record documenting not only that Joseph had been wounded, but when he was wounded, where on his body he was injured, and what the Army recorded as the cause.

    The Morning Reports do not tell us precisely what happened on the battlefield or the exact circumstances in which Joseph received the wound. Those questions require additional records. But the brief entries establish something that family stories alone could not: Joseph was wounded while his unit was serving in France during the final weeks of World War I.

    He survived, but he subsequently disappeared from the battery’s active roster.

    On November 25, 1918, two weeks after the Armistice, Joseph’s name appeared among soldiers recorded as:

    dropped fr Rolls per GO 111, GHQAEF 1918.

    The notation referred to General Order No. 111 issued by General Headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces. Understanding exactly how that order applied to Joseph—and what happened to him after he left the battery’s rolls—opened yet another avenue of research.

    The Morning Reports had answered one question while creating several more.

    That, I was beginning to learn, is genealogy.

    Where History Meets the Heart

    Discovering the date and circumstances of Joseph’s wound changed the way I looked at these records.

    I could begin to picture the world behind the handwriting: France, the artillery batteries, the horses and mules, the hospitals, and the men whose names appeared for only a line or two before disappearing from the pages.

    I have never considered myself a military historian. If someone had told me a month earlier that I would spend nights studying century-old Army Morning Reports, I probably would have laughed.

    But somewhere along the way, Joseph Howell stopped being merely my husband’s grandfather.

    He became a young soldier whose movements I could follow through records created more than a century ago. I could watch him gain rank, lose it, regain it, become sick, return to duty, go into combat, suffer a wound, and eventually disappear from his unit’s rolls.

    The records did not tell us everything. In many ways, they created as many questions as they answered.

    But they brought him to life.

    That may be what finally made me understand why my husband loves genealogy so much.

    Our ancestors cannot sit across the table and tell us what happened to them. What remains are the traces they left behind—photographs, letters, government records, military reports, newspapers, and sometimes a nearly illegible line of cursive handwriting buried in a century-old ledger.

    If we take the time to read those records carefully, the names and dates begin to become something more.

    They become people.

    And sometimes, while searching for their stories, we discover a little more about our own.

  • Two Numbers, One Story: Unraveling the Mystery of My Father’s Social Security Records

    While researching my father, Robert Gordon Howell, I came across something that immediately caught my attention. Among the many records documenting his life were references to two different Social Security number prefixes: 312 and 457. At first glance, it appeared as though he may have been associated with two different Social Security numbers.

    For most people, that would raise an obvious question: How could one person have two Social Security numbers?

    As a genealogist, however, I have learned that the first conclusion is rarely the correct one. Rather than assuming an error—or assuming the records were correct—I decided to investigate. That journey led me into the history of the Social Security Administration and introduced me to two of the most valuable records available to family historians: the SS-5 Application for a Social Security Number and the Numident.

    The Beginning of Social Security

    The Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 14, 1935, creating a nationwide retirement insurance program for American workers. As the program developed, every eligible worker needed a unique number so that wages and future benefits could be accurately recorded.

    Beginning in late 1936, Americans completed an Application for Account Number, better known today as the SS-5. What started as a simple administrative form has become one of the most valuable genealogical records available for twentieth-century research.

    Unlike many government documents, the SS-5 was usually completed by the applicant or with information provided directly by the applicant. Because of that, it often contains firsthand information rather than details supplied by relatives many years later.

    Why Genealogists Value the SS-5

    An original SS-5 application may include:

    • Full legal name
    • Date of birth
    • Place of birth
    • Father’s full name
    • Mother’s full maiden name
    • Employer
    • Home address
    • Signature of the applicant

    For genealogists, few twentieth-century documents provide so much reliable information in one place. When birth certificates are missing or conflicting records exist, the SS-5 often becomes one of the strongest pieces of evidence available.

    The Numident

    While many researchers are familiar with the SS-5, far fewer have heard of the Numident.

    The Numident—short for Numerical Identification System—is the Social Security Administration’s master electronic record for an individual’s Social Security account. It was developed as the agency computerized its records and serves as a lifetime history of a person’s Social Security file.

    Unlike the original SS-5, which records information provided when the account was first established, the Numident may document changes made throughout a person’s life. These updates can include:

    • Name corrections
    • Replacement Social Security cards
    • Changes resulting from marriage or divorce
    • Corrections to birth information
    • Death reporting
    • Administrative updates made by the Social Security Administration

    For genealogists, the Numident often answers questions that the original SS-5 cannot.

    A Research Mystery

    While reviewing my father’s records, I noticed references to two different number prefixes: 312 and 457.

    Rather than jumping to the conclusion that he had two Social Security numbers, I treated the discovery as a research problem.

    Were both numbers actually Social Security numbers?

    Was one the result of a transcription error?

    Could one have been copied incorrectly onto another record?

    Was one associated with a replacement card or an administrative action?

    Or was there another explanation entirely?

    These are exactly the kinds of questions genealogists should ask before reaching a conclusion.

    One of the most important lessons I have learned during years of family history research is that records do not always agree. Government documents contain mistakes. Clerks make errors. Information is copied incorrectly. Sometimes a document raises more questions than it answers.

    That is why original records matter.

    Following the Evidence

    Rather than relying on secondary sources or indexes, I requested copies of the original Social Security records associated with my father’s account. By comparing those records with military files, Veterans Administration records, employment documents, and other contemporary records, I hope to determine exactly why two different prefixes appear and whether they represent an actual discrepancy or a simple misunderstanding.

    This investigation is still underway.

    Like many genealogical problems, the answer may ultimately prove to be quite simple—or it may reveal an entirely unexpected chapter in my father’s life.

    Either outcome will be based on evidence rather than assumption.

    Lessons Learned

    This experience has reinforced several principles that guide my research.

    Never assume a record is correct simply because it is official.

    Always compare multiple independent sources.

    Whenever possible, obtain the original document rather than relying on an index or transcription.

    Allow the evidence—not the theory—to determine the conclusion.

    Those principles have served genealogists well for generations, and they remain just as important today.

    Looking Ahead

    As I continue researching my father’s life, I expect the SS-5, the Numident, and other Social Security records to answer many of the questions that still remain. Whether the mystery of the two prefixes proves to be a clerical error, an administrative correction, or something entirely different, the investigation itself has already demonstrated the value of careful documentation and thoughtful analysis.

    Every record tells part of a story.

    Sometimes the most important discoveries begin with something as simple as a few numbers on a government form.

    For a genealogist, those numbers are rarely just numbers—they are clues waiting to be understood.

    Footnotes

    1. Social Security Administration, “The Story of the Social Security Number,” accessed August 2, 2026, https://www.ssa.gov/history/ssn/ssnchron.html
    2. Social Security Administration, Application for a Social Security Card (Form SS-5), Social Security Administration, accessed August 2, 2026, https://www.ssa.gov/forms/ss-5.pdf
    3. Social Security Administration, Program Operations Manual System (POMS): Numident, accessed August 2, 2026, https://secure.ssa.gov/poms.nsf/home
    4. Social Security Administration, Historical Background and Development of Social Security, accessed August 2, 2026, https://www.ssa.gov/history/
  • Ordering Military Records

    What My Father’s File Taught Me

    Robert Gordon Howell during his U.S. Army service.

    Many of us know a parent, grandparent, or another relative served in the military, but beyond that, we may know very little about what happened while they were in service. Family stories are a great place to start, but official military records may confirm what you’ve heard—or they might set the story straight and reveal secrets your veteran didn’t ever talk about.

    That has certainly been true as I’ve delved deeper into records concerning my father, Robert Gordon Howell.

    I knew my dad was in the Army. I heard stories about WWII, Burma, and maybe serving again during the Korean War. But my dad was not a guy who freely shared his experiences. After he passed away several years ago, I was filled with questions I would never have the chance to ask.

    Requesting his military records was one of the best steps I took in learning who he was before he became my father.

    What Records Can Tell You

    An Official Military Personnel File, commonly referred to as an OMPF, can contain enlistment information, duty assignments, promotions, training, awards, evaluations, separation documents, and much more. Administrative records are included as well. The contents of an individual military record can vary widely based on the veteran, branch of service, when they served, and, of course, which records still exist.

    My father’s records held much more than dates and locations of his service. They introduced me to a side of his military career I was not expecting and prompted additional questions about his assignments, disciplinary issues, medical history, and the circumstances of his final discharge.

    I thought I was just ordering a box of paperwork. Instead, I was about to learn more about my father than I knew before.

    How to Request Those Records

    If you are a veteran or the next of kin to a veteran, you can request military personnel records from the National Archives. Generally, the next of kin is limited to an unmarried spouse, parent, child, sibling, or other direct relative. Requests can be submitted online via the National Archives’ eVetRecs system or by mail or fax using Standard Form 180.

    Before starting your request, compile as much information as you can.

    • Veteran’s full name (surname, prefix, and first name) as it was used during service
    • Branch of Service
    • Social Security number or service number
    • Approximate dates of service
    • Date and place of birth
    • Name of last unit, place of discharge, or place entered, when known

    The more information you can provide, the easier it will be for the National Personnel Records Center to locate the correct file. A next-of-kin request for a deceased veteran may also require you to include proof of the veteran’s death. Acceptable documentation includes a copy of the death certificate, obituary, or funeral-home proof of death.

    Files Destroyed in the 1973 Fire

    This tip is a must for military researchers. In 1973, a fire broke out in the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis. Depending on the branch of service, approximately 16–18 million personnel files were lost in the fire. Records from the Army were hit especially hard, with an estimated 80 percent of Army personnel files destroyed for veterans who were discharged between November 1, 1912, and January 1, 1960.

    My father falls into that window of service dates. Even though military officials said his file was “fire-related,” that didn’t mean there were no records remaining. While searching for his file, I was warned the National Archives may not have everything, but they can often reconstruct parts of a veteran’s military service using alternative records.

    Don’t forget there may be other records that existed outside of the personnel file. Look for:

    • Unit histories
    • Hospital records
    • Military court-martial records
    • Department of Veterans Affairs records
    • Morning reports
    • Newspaper accounts

    Get Started on That Request

    Don’t go into your request expecting your military records will have the answers to all your questions. My father’s file answered some questions but also led me to ask many more. That is par for the course when doing genealogy research.

    Requesting my father’s file did open a new chapter in his life for me. Family stories only told me so much. After I received his records, I was able to begin learning about the young man who lived an incredible life before I was born.

    Military records aren’t just pieces of government-generated paperwork. They could be all that’s left of your veteran’s story.


    Sources

    National Archives. Request Military Service Records.
    https://www.archives.gov/veterans/military-service-records

    National Archives. Standard Form 180 (SF-180): Request Pertaining to Military Records.
    https://www.archives.gov/veterans/military-service-records/standard-form-180

    National Archives. The 1973 Fire, National Personnel Records Center.
    https://www.archives.gov/personnel-records-center/fire-1973